Cannes Film Festival
Poster for the film The Wizard of Oz by Victor Fleming who should have been part of the selection of a first aborted festival in 1939
The Specialized Exhibition of 1937 had revealed the need for France to organize an international competition of films in order to consolidate its cultural prestige. A side event will precipitate the decision of the French state. In the late 1930s , shocked by the interference of the fascist German and Italian governments in the selection of films from the Venice Film Festival – which opened in August by Dr. Joseph Goebbels – Emile Vuillermoz and René Jeanne submit to Jean Zay , Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts, the idea of an international film festival in France 5 . Jean Zay is strongly interested in the proposal 6 , the Americans and British, who are boycotting the Venice Film Festival, the encouraging in this sense: Harold Smith, the Paris representative of the Motion Picture Association of America and Neville Kearney, the official delegate of British cinema in France are personally committed to supporting the event and will bring the stars 7 . The festival since its inception is intended as a Franco-American wanting to create the largest global film 
market 8 . Several cities are then candidates, including Vichy , Biarritz and Algiers, but it’s Cannes , including Henri-Georges Clouzot appreciates the approval and sunshine, which won the votes. Philippe Erlanger , associated with the company will be the first managing director Festival 9 .
In June 1939 , Louis Lumière agreed to be the president of the first Festival to be held from 1 st to 20 September . He stated desire to “encourage the development of film art in all its forms and create between film-producing countries a spirit of collaboration.” The French selection is stopped and includes Hell angels of Christian-Jaque , La Charrette ghost of Julien Duvivier , The Trail north of Jacques Feyder and Man of the Niger from Jacques de Baroncelli .
Among the foreign films, we find The Wizard of Oz to Victor Fleming , Union Pacific ( Union Pacific ) of Cecil B. DeMille , Goodbye Mr. Chips ( Goodbye Mr Chips ) by Sam Wood and The Four Feathers ( The Four Feathers ) by Zoltan Korda .
The painter Jean-Gabriel Domergue , Cannes by adoption, designed the poster of a first Festival, which is also become famous for.
From the month of August , the stars began to flood, the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer chartered a transatlantic liner to bring the stars of Hollywood : Tyrone Power , Gary Cooper , Annabella , Norma Shearer or George Raft . It provides for memorable parties, inspired by the film Quasimodo , the Americans even in the idea of building a replica of Notre-Dame de Paris on the beach in Cannes 9 . The 1 st September , the official opening day, German troops entered in Poland , at the same time putting an end to this first edition of a festival stillborn, and September 3 , it is the declaration of war by the France and the UK to Germany .
The beginnings of the Festival
The first real edition of the Festival takes place after the war, September 20 at 5 October 1946 in the old casino in Cannes thanks, in part, to the will of Philip Erlanger then head of the Artistic exchanges at the Foreign Ministry and that of the General Confederation of Labour 10 , including director Louis Daquin was then a member. The first edition of the Festival is funded by the Foreign Ministry and the city of Cannes 11 , 12 , 13 . Originally the festival was to compete with the Venice Film Festival but the Italy and France being reverted to friendly nations, there was a time sensed that the Cannes and Venice Film Festival to take place annually, alternating 14 .
This contract was not announced at the start 15 . The France and film professionals were not aware of the exchanges between the Venice Film Festival and the Festival. In 1946 , the Festival has had considerable success and filmmakers eagerly awaiting the next edition of 1947 15 … However, this agreement will be announced when it will be highly critical, some even speak of a “capitulation of France” 15 and the magazine will announce the French Technique .
The Palais des Festivals and Congresses , built especially for the Festival in 1979
The next edition, in 1947 , will narrowly, the Festival Hall being built by the union in a hurry 16 , the then government refused to fund an annual festival. This is why the CGT trade union federation of the show is on the Board of Directors of the Festival still 17 . Moreover, this year, will be established the principle of equality . That is to say that the festival organizers had decided that the jury should be composed of one representative per country 18 .
Thus, in 1947 , has inaugurated the Palais des Festivals Congress (also known as Palais Croisette) which will be replaced by a new palace in 1983 . The inauguration of the Palais Croisette will be the evening of 11 September 1947 (and the Festival from 12 to 25). It is thanks to Dr Raymond Picaud (son of Dr. Andrew and Martha Picaud Pabot Chatelard ), mayor of Cannes, this palace is born again. Only the roof is not over 19 and she will fly during a violent storm at the end of Festival. This is the Casino City that will serve as a conduit for closing ball and awards 20 .
It was also in 1947 that Robert Favre Le Bret joined the leadership of the Cannes Film Festival. It will introduce while the Selection Committee . The principle was simple: the National Centre for Cinematography was to give the selection committee dates and regulations of other international festivals in specifying timelines for sending films. Producers were then informed and could well send their (s) film (s) to the Commission. It then established the selection. These films had to conform to the rules of censorship of the time. Despite this free choice, the list must still be validated by the Ministry who handled the Cinematography, and the Foreign Ministry, at least during the Cold War 21 . Thus, in the year 1947 , the Festival is institutionalized, is organized, and finds its feet in the Europe , including film festivals is growing, even if it will not take place in 1948 and 1950 officially because of budget problems 22 , or perhaps informally because of the contract with the Venice Film Festival, which was to have them take place alternately every other year 14 .
At the end of the agreement with the Venice Film Festival in 1951 , the Festival will finally take place during the spring, and will not have to face competition from the Venice Film Festival and the Locarno Film Festival taking place at substantially the same date. Four years later, in 1955 , has created the Golden Palm , at the initiative of Robert Favre Le Bret . Until then, it was the Grand Prize was awarded to the director’s best film in competition. The Managing Director was then collected all the Board of Directors of the Festival and invited jewelers from all over Europe to present their representation of the Palme d’Or 23 . This is the design of Lucienne Lazon which won the approval of Council. This same year that Delbert Mann is presented the first Palme in history, for Marty . But, of 1964 to 1974 , the Grand Prix takes place, only to disappear forever.
The hesitations of the first year is therefore resolve from the year 1950 , Cannes is becoming the high mass of world cinema and gives cultural legitimacy to France 8 . The desire of the critic Andre Bazin , who wanted the festival occupies a little less mundane, patriotism or diplomacy (until the year 1970 , what are the different embassies have their films selected by their respective governments) and a Just over cinema come true 24 . The greatest filmmakers will present some of their major works: Roberto Rossellini , Federico Fellini , Ingmar Bergman , Elia Kazan , Joseph L. Mankiewicz , Robert Wise , William Wyler , Michelangelo Antonioni , Vittorio De Sica , Andrzej Wajda , Satyajit Ray , Luis Bunuel or Kurosawa .
New ambitions
In 1959 , the price of staging rewards François Truffaut for The Four Hundred Blows , who as a critic lambasted a festival of political theater promotion and, therefore, doomed to extinction: full circle all that ‘at that time, Alain Resnais returns three years after a scandal with his documentary on concentration camps , Night and Fog and presents Hiroshima mon amour is a shock 24 . The New Wave was launched. It was this same year is founded the Film Market . He will then give the festival a commercial dimension of scale, it will also make easier the exchange between buyers and sellers of industry cinema . For fifty two years of operation, the film market has become the leading global platform for commerce International Film 25 . In 2007 , he received more than 10,000 participants from 91 different countries 26 .
In the 1960s , the concept of “film festival” is debated 24 but we discover new directors whose talent was immediately recognized and amply rewarded the work: Andrei Tarkovsky , Miklós Jancsó , István Szabó or Glauber Rocha .
Note in 1962 the first International Critics’ Week 27 , then created in order “to honor of the first and second feature films by filmmakers from around the world” 28 . For some time, we talk in the streets of Cannes , private screenings, about the International Critics’ Week . Indeed, projections of Miramar, a cinema from Cannes, tend to be reserved for celebrities from the film , as with the entry of Alejandro González Iñárritu , Walter Salles , Guillermo del Toro , Javier Bardem , Carlos Reygadas and Harmony Korine , that they did not take the queue, unlike moviegoers who had to wait two hours for not entering, finally. Moreover, the International Critics Week welcomes seven short and seven feature films in competition, but viewed several other films out of competition. And Francois Ozon , Alejandro González Iñárritu , Julie Bertuccelli or Eleonore Faucher were discovered 29 . Two years later, in 1965 , the Festival pays homage to Jean Cocteau , who died on 11 October 1963 , appointing him honorary president of the Festival to life. The following year, the jury president is a woman is Olivia de Havilland , it was the first time a woman held the post.
But, despite this significant development, the Cannes Film Festival 1968 will be discontinued on May 19 . While universities are closed, the official screenings of the Festival are often canceled because of student protesters 30 . From the May 13 , these students had begun to invade the Palais des Festivals. On May 18 , Francois Truffaut , Jean-Luc Godard , Claude Lelouch , Claude Berri , Roman Polanski , Louis Malle and Jean-Pierre Léaud mingle with the student movement that shakes Cannes 27 . They also will revolt against the culture minister Andre Malraux , who was then sacked Henri Langlois from his post as director of the French Cinematheque 30 . To help these celebrities, Alain Resnais , Carlos Saura and Milos Forman withdrew their films in competition for the Cannes selection. The Festival was stormed, and becomes a policy . Thus the May 19 , the organizers decided to cancel the festival, which constituted a first in the history of film 30 .
Major changes
The front of the Palais des Festivals in 2001
In 1969 , Pierre-Henri Deleau created the Fortnight and will head for thirty years. This new event was then created to present movies made by foreign filmmakers still little known to the public 31 , and which were not part of the selection. The maxim of the Fortnight was then “Cinema release” . For its first edition, the event is held in just two months, which did not leave time to a selection of films: sixty two feature films, and twenty six short films are projected 32 free: the public is free to enter. The first film to the opening of the Fortnight is the Cuban Manuel Octavio Gómez : The First load . This feature will directly after screening a distributor Japanese .
The Fortnight will, in 1977 , a tribute to Henri Langlois , who died on 13 January 1977 , by keeping the foreground on the Festival poster. Then, from 1981 to 1983 , the section will create Fortnight Super 8 , but had not a great success 33 .
In 1972 , the Festival de Cannes will change scenarios: Robert Favre Le Bret was named President and Maurice Bessy was elected managing director. This major change has given a revival at the ceremony. Before this date, Member States chose the films that would represent them at the Festival 34 . Now, the new managing director instituted the two selection committees, one for France , and another for the film internationally. This renewal will bring some problems for the selection of the Cannes Film Festival 1972 34 . The following year, a new section is opened, Perspectives of French Cinema (now defunct). It was in 1978 that the greatest changes took place 35 .
Gilles Jacob then comes to the position of managing director of the Festival and created the Golden Camera award for the best first film of all sections through an independent panel and the section Un Certain Regard . This section was created to help films margin distribution. A film ‘win a selection of twenty films. The kind of cinema is often honored in this section. In addition, Gilles Jacob take the opportunity to reduce the duration of the Festival to thirteen days (it used to be two weeks), which will decrease along with the number of selected films 35 . Under his leadership, the festival seeks to best defend free speech and against censorship and creating international pressure 24 . In fact, directors like Carlos Saura , Luis García Berlanga and Juan Antonio Bardem seem better equipped to fight against the requirements of the Franco dictatorship and the Georgian Otar Iosseliani manages to avoid the wrath of Moscow by the favorable reception of the festival 36 . Filmmakers from developing countries such as Mali’s Souleymane Cisse are, moreover, with respect to the selection, an international audience and a certain comfort in the funding and dissemination of their works 24 .
The festival is emancipated and became an autonomous expression. Other changes occur, especially in setting up panels. Indeed, since its inception while the jury is largely composed of members of the French Academy , it is now mainly made up of celebrities from the film industry. This direction was already taken from the 1960′s : after Georges Simenon , jury president in 1960 , including a crowned La dolce vita of Federico Fellini booed a part of the audience; Fritz Lang becomes the first major director to chair the jury in 1964 and dedicated Jacques Demy with The Umbrellas of Cherbourg . Even if jurors are sometimes artists outside the world of 7 th art and intellectuals (journalists, writers, critics …), the jury president today is necessarily a film personality internationally recognized. The last non-professional to chair the jury is the American author William Styron in 1983 .
Studio television Annual Canal + on the beach of the Hotel Martinez during the Cannes Film Festival
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We also note the presence of the Festival on television screens through of Antenne 2 in 1970 and 1980 and then to Canal + in the years 1990 , 2000 and 2010 . Since 1993 , the opening ceremonies and closing ceremonies are broadcast in the clear and direct. They are centered around a master or mistress of ceremonies who had called on stage the different juries and celebrities chosen to present the awards.
The Palais des Festivals and Congresses had to be enlarged. The former palace Mediterranean turns into a “bunker” 37 . This new palace is more comfortable and spacious. But it will not initially unanimously 38 . The work is supported too late and cause several problems during the films. The award ceremony of the 1983 edition is in the dust. These incidents have almost caused the shutdown of the festival 37 .
The steps of the Palais du Festival
The architecture of the new palace is quite monumental and has 10 000 m 2 , then the spotlight on surnommeront “The Bunker” 37 . Note also this year the red carpet rough of Isabelle Adjani , whose attitude during the presentation of Summer murderer (refusal to pose for the photocall and come to the press conference) causes anger and strike journalists 39 . When the star arrives at the palace, photographers turn their backs, the devices on the floor.
The year 1984 saw the election of Pierre Viot as President of the Festival, replacing Robert Favre Le Bret .
Cinéfondation
Then in 1998 , Gilles Jacob created the Cinéfondation to support the creation of works of cinema in the world and help the entry of new filmmakers in the circle of celebrities 40 . It is every year a dozen filmmakers who have produced one or two short films of fiction which is hosted in Cannes . From its inception to 2007 , these are some forty countries and seventy filmmakers who have gathered for the thirteen days of Festival. Cinéfondation makes available to developers a residence in Paris and an aid to writing a screenplay . In addition, it offers them € 800 per month, and free access to several rooms in Paris 40 . Note from the year 2000 projection of more than one thousand student films, who witness the diversity and dynamism of youth filmmakers .
In 2005 , the Workshop is created. The workshop is a section of the Cinéfondation. It was intended to bring together young filmmakers with celebrities for the production or distribution of their film 41 .
In 2002 , the International Film Festival is officially named the Cannes Film Festival , which commonly designated 42 .
A Festival still valid
See related article Cannes Film Festival 2012
The red carpet 2007
In the year 2000 , the explosion of the phenomenon festival in the world sees the rule of Cannes on that of Venice and Berlin . The Cannes Film Festival is now rivaled by that of Toronto , the latter focusing on the business logic while Cannes keeps its more cultural approach 43 .
In 2007 , during its 60 th edition but sixty-one years after its first edition in 1946 , the Festival celebrates its sixtieth anniversary. This edition is marked by the Festival’s history, leading the latter to invite Bernard Thibault , who welcomes the desire to “show his loyalty to the story of a festival where the CGT is almost home, even if has changed a lot ” 44 .
The Festival beats on this occasion his record the film longer. Previously held by Parsifal ( 4 hours and 40 minutes ), and Best of Youth ( 6:00 ), the film Ken Burns called The War , a documentary on World War II during 14 hours , setting a new record.
For the 60 th anniversary of the Cannes Film Festival, Luc Besson , president of the Cannes Film Festival 2000 , created the Cannes Festival and Suburbs 45 , whose slogan is: If you can not go to Cannes, it’s who comes to Cannes you! . This Festival aims to organize several cities in the Paris suburb of films in official selection, accompanied by a short film that will retrace the 60 years of Cannes Film Festival.
For sixty years, the Festival de Cannes has always innovated and highlighted filmmakers or filmmaking. Of The Battle of the Rails to Glory , to Michele Morgan to Penelope Cruz , film history has been written on a red carpet 46 . It also breaks new ground with the recent installation of digital cinemas in Cannes, and the entrance of genre cinema and entertainment in the selection.
The Festival
Sections of the Cannes Film Festival
The Cannes Film Festival has two main sections which include several sub-parts, the oldest is the Critic’s Week 47 , founded in 1962 . Here is the list of these sections:
Entry for the section Un Certain Regard
Official selection:
Feature films in competition
Feature films out of competition
Short films in competition
Un certain regard (established 1978 )
Cinéfondation (established 1998 )
Parallel sections created by the Festival:
Film still (established 1992 )
Cannes Classics (founded in 2004 )
Parallel sections created by an outside agency:
The Critics’ Week (established 1962 )
Fortnight (established 1969 )
Selection of a film
Be selected in competition at Cannes is a privilege and a crucial issue for the filmmakers as for producers who wish to present films that often the filming is complete. The works sent to the selection committee undergo a long queue. Besides the public and moviegoers would find out the final selection until a month before the festival: some films are actually selected late, but others are unofficially reserved for several months, so the Festival has the exclusivity of the implemented. To be selected for Cannes, a film must not have participated in another festival, he was not in a theater outside his home country and shooting must be completed within twelve months before the Festival. For short films , the maximum is fifteen minutes 48 .
The delegate of the festival, Gilles Jacob , introduces, in his first year in office, the principle of surprise film with Man of Marble of Andrzej Wajda while the film was banned in Poland . The coils are hidden in boxes on which is inscribed a false title, which allows the film to cross the border and compete at Cannes. Ironside , yet Andrzej Wajda , was even selected as the competition had already begun. By common consent Gilles Jacob in an interview to the magazine Studio , “this is the only case in which another candidate could protest.”
Initially, the films were selected by their states who then tried to put pressure on the Jury 49 . This will last until the creation of Relaxation, selection committee, in 1972 .
Today, there are two selection committees 50 . One, created by Gilles Jacob and now run by Thierry Fremaux , chooses foreign films. This committee is composed of four members: a journalist, a director, a film buff and Jacob Lawrence , the son of Gilles Jacob . The second chooses French films in competition. An element of mystery is kept on the composition of the jury. These committees visionnent over six films a day. And with the arrival of the documentary , the animated films and genre films, the committee had to watch some 3,200 feature films in 2005 , 4000 and in 2007 50 .
Awards
Related article: List of awards at Cannes .
Clint Eastwood has received in 2008 , the special prize of the 61 th anniversary
While in 1946 , a Grand Prix was awarded to a single film, in 1947 , prizes are awarded by categories: one finds that of adventure films and policemen , of cartoons , movies, psychological, and adventure love, social films, and musicals . This is also the only year this reward system will be used. From the beginning, prices for the best performance and best director are awarded.
In the 1950s , and particularly under the presidency of Jean Cocteau , some prices are given fanciful name such as Price’s lyrical film ( 1952 ), the International Prize of the film of good humor ( 1953 ) or the Price International Film best told by the picture ( 1953 ). Nevertheless, the Jury Prize has established itself as a classic and is the second major award after the Grand Prix Festival.
With the arrival of the Golden Palm , the title of prizes awarded is homogenized although there is still a price of poetic humor in 1957 . In the year 1960 , the Special Jury Prize appeared to complement the Jury Prize and called for changes regularly, between ” Grand Special Jury Prize “and” Grand Prix du Jury “before finally being” Grand Prix ” . Originally it had the same value as the Palm, the first from the best film in the ” arthouse “and the second to the best film for the general public 51 . But this definition was never understood nor really applied by separate juries and this distinction is now seen as definitely less than the Palme d’Or even if it remains the highest honor it after 52 . However, it will still subsequently created some prizes for films that have not obtained price “official” but worthy all the same, according to the jury, to be mentioned on the list. And were distributed prizes such as the price of the best evocation of a revolutionary epic in 1963 to The Optimistic Tragedy of Samsonov, or the Grand Prix Film inception in 1983 returned to Bresson and Tarkovsky because the jury could not decide between the 53 .
These prices have mostly been created for the occasion. Thus, for Death in Venice of Luchino Visconti , do not reparte empty-handed in 1971 , is credited with the price of the 25 th anniversary. The director says, “that one, at least, no one else will have! ” 54 . This original idea is now part of the institution. Since then, the jury may, if they wish, assign a special award in honor of the great anniversaries of the festival every five years. Generally, this distinction crowns the work of a great director in this competition. To reward the career of Clint Eastwood and Catherine Deneuve , the jury headed by Sean Penn was in this spirit, permission to create a special price for the 61 th anniversary in 2008 55 . Similarly, the jury president Isabelle Huppert has been awarded an exceptional price to Alain Resnais in 2009 in recognition of his significant contribution to the history of film 56 . The latter is said Dailleurs surprised and delighted to get “a price not expected in a category entirely surprising” 57 .
Since 1955 , the most prestigious awards in Cannes is the Palme d’Or , awarded to the best film in competition. The second highest award is the Grand Prix .
Feature films in official competition:
The Palme d’Or since 1955 , is awarded the Best Film,
The Grand Prix rewards the film that shows the most originality or spirit of research,
The Best Actress Award is awarded to the best actress
The Award for Best Actor goes to the best actor
The price of staging goes to the best director,
The Best Screenplay goes to the best writer,
The Jury Prize rewards a popular movie of the jury and showing originality or novelty, but can also revert to an actress (in 2004 , Irma P. Hall in The Ladykillers ) or a technician ( 2001 , Jury Award to Duu-Chih Tu for the sound of mambo Millennium and And over there, what time is it? )
The International Critics Prize , created in 1946 specifically to honor Georges Rouquier for Farrebique , eliminated from the selection.
Short films in official competition:
The Palme d’Or Short Film is awarded Best Short Film
The Cannes Festival Trophy is awarded to honor a film personality for his entire career
The Jury Prize Short Film Award enjoyed a short film jury
Official Selection (Competition and Un Certain Regard):
The Youth Prize awarded by a jury-awarded to a young movie, first or second work of a filmmaker
Official Selection (Competition and Un Certain Regard), the Directors’ Fortnight and Critics Week:
The Golden Camera , since 1978 , honors the best debut of all of these sections. This award is presented by an independent jury of professionals and journalists
The Orange Prize by the Press Association, received by actors and actresses
The Golden Sun delivered by the CCAS
The Ecumenical Jury Prize is awarded for the cultural diversity of a feature film
The FIPRESCI Prize awarded to support such a risky, original or personal
The Price of Education has been awarded since 2003 by a panel of teachers, students and professionals to a film in official selection found strong and may be subject to future study or teaching Class 58
The Prix François Chalais Award a film dedicated to the values of journalism
The Chopard Trophy recognizes an actor and a film actress in the category of revelation
The Vulcain Prize for an artist technician , originally named Technical Grand Prize , which was established in 1951 . It is awarded by the High Commission’s technical picture and sound (CST).
The Roberto Rossellini Award given to a person acting as a humanist in the style of Roberto Rossellini
Constitution and decisions of the jury
The American actor Sean Penn , jury president in 2008
Jurors Feature Film award the 7 major awards: Palme d’Or , Grand Prix , Prix de la mise en scene , Best Actress and male , Best Screenplay and the Jury Prize 59 . Jury members are selected according to their degree of notoriety in France and abroad and the level of recognition by their peers. The jury, chaired by an internationally renowned film, is developed based on several criteria, diplomatic and artistic. He wants usually reflect some diversity, both in terms of nationalities, backgrounds (writers, critics, artists …) that aesthetic sensibilities. Then mix there as well representatives of the Star System that relatives in film research.
The French and foreign personalities known to compose the panel are appointed by the board of the festival 60 . Can not be part of anyone involved or interested in the production, distribution or promotion of a film in competition 60 .
Regulation concerning the proceedings has evolved over time to offset the excess. After Barton Fink , in addition to the Palme d’Or , received the prize of Best Director and Best Actor in 1991 , the jury had no longer the right to give prizes to the same film. Only one of the two acting awards could add another award to 61 . Three times the jury, however, have departed from the rule, namely in 1999 and 2001 with the Grand Prix and two acting awards respectively assigned to Humanity of Bruno Dumont 62 and The Pianist by Michael Haneke 63 then in 2003 , when only 4 films were rewarded. The jury president Patrice Chereau had indeed, at that time, called a “violation of Regulation exceptional” that had been granted and three films were left with two trophies each including Elephant of Gus Van Sant , haloed the Palme d’Or and the Prix de la mise en scene 64 .
Since, to ensure a balance of the charts, the regulation has hardened: the jury is entitled to only one reference tied to a price and this provision can not apply to the Golden Palm 59 . In addition, a work can not get a single reward charts even if the film won the Jury Prize and the Best Screenplay possibly can, and only upon authorization of the chairman of the festival, receive one of two price interpretation in addition to 59 .
The content of the discussions of the jury is not revealed to the press. It is not permitted the jurors to read newspapers or watch television but this is strongly discouraged their 65 . They are not allowed to exchange their views to other than themselves or make it public 66 . By close of their discussions, they conduct a secret ballot to select winners from 60 . The decision of the voters is taken by an absolute majority in the first two ballots and a majority on the next two rounds 60 . Festival chairman and managing director attend the proceedings but not involved 60 . They still ensure they are properly conducted 67 and the president validates the charts 67 . It is forbidden the jury to make its decisions before the Sunday of the closing ceremony and they are revealed at night, when the proclamation of winners by the jury foreman 67 . It does not double voice even if the Board determines in a tie. However, the choice of odd number of jurors (nine in total) since 2000 avoids this problem 67 . The venue for the final deliberation was long kept secret to avoid leaks and espionage attempts. Since the 1990s , it takes place in the Villa Domergue , former home of painter Jean-Gabriel Domergue and now owned by the mayor of Cannes, located on the heights of the city 68 . The last day of the festival, the area is cordoned off by police and is prohibited photographers, curious onlookers or 65 . The jury will spend the day out of touch, private Internet and mobile phones 69 . Since 2004 , he has the opportunity to comment on his choice at a press conference following the awards ceremony 70 .
Festival management
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The Cannes Film Festival is run by several people, with very different positions. These functions are explained in the evolution and growth of the Festival until 2000 , two people were involved in the leadership: the President and Managing Director, who was himself the places and CEO artistic director. The secretary general was placed in stewardship.
But in 2001 , when Gilles Jacob is promoted to President, two more people were employed to replace the old the new president: a CEO, and Artistic Delegate who will handle the selection of films. A financial controller will return in 2001 in the circle of the leadership of the Cannes Film Festival.
Below right, the people who occupied these places since the creation of the Festival, to this day 48 :
Thierry Fremaux , Gilles Jacob and Cayla welcoming the teams named the 2009 Cannes Film Festival .
Secretary-general
The Secretary General is responsible for the reception of works
Artistic Director
To be Artistic Delegate at Cannes, one must have knowledge of the history of art . This person will then follow a film training, since it deals with the selection of films
General Delegate
The Delegate General was recruited by the President of the Festival. He takes care to ensure that tasks are proceeding normally, coordinating them. It is also the representative of technicians to the President
President
The President is the “director” of the Festival. He welcomed celebrities from the world of cinema up the steps. But it is also there to run other people working for the Festival
General manager
The Director General is to oversee the tasks. This is the second most important festival.
French Cinema Festival
Descend the stairs by the film crew The Class , winner of the French Palme d’Or in 2008.
Although organized in France, the Cannes Film Festival so far does not favor the French cinema . Indeed the French winners of the Palme d’Or are rare: we see Claude Lelouch (with a man and a woman ) in 1966 and Maurice Pialat (with Under the Sun of Satan ) in 1987 , but more recently, Laurent Cantet ( with The Class ), Golden Palm in 2008 . In 2007 , three French films in twenty-two were in competition. Since 1966 , this is all that twenty years French was awarded the top prize. The organizers are justified in saying that the Festival is not only national but international. Besides, France is the fourth country in the ranking of the number of winners of the Palme 71 .
Moreover, the French cinema , is subject to a special selection committee, and generally provides three of the twenty two candidates in the official selection. Until the year 1980 , the Selection Committee French , consisting of four to twenty people depending on the year, was appointed by the Minister of Culture . In 1983 , Daniel Tuscan du Plantier and Alain Terzian persuaded the minister to leave the Festival select French films . To avoid an overload of work, Gilles Jacob will create the same year a selection committee dedicated to French films which he himself chooses counselors and whose number is not predefined 72 .
Since 1946 , the French Grand Prix winners or Golden Palm , the main prize of the Festival, by date, are eight in number: Jean Delannoy with La Symphonie Pastorale in 1946 , Henri-Georges Clouzot with The Wages Fear in 1953 , Jacques-Yves Cousteau and Louis Malle with The Silent World in 1956 , Henri Colpi with a long absence in 1961 , Jacques Demy with The Umbrellas of Cherbourg in 1964 , Claude Lelouch with a man and a woman in 1966 , Maurice Pialat with Under the Sun of Satan in 1987 and 2008 , Laurent Cantet with The Class .
Lessons
The Cannes Film Festival will open in 1991 The lesson of cinema . This lesson is directed by a famous film 73 . Are particularly striking Nanni Moretti , Oliver Stone , Stephen Frears , Francesco Rosi , Wong Kar-wai , Martin Scorsese , Quentin Tarantino and Sydney Pollack . Thus, by their style, they illustrate their moments, their artistic career in the film world and their visions of the ideal film. These lessons are designed to discover and enjoy the film in a spirit of creative and open dialogue. Fans of celebrities will be able to discover more concretely than the red carpet, for example. The public can also learn about the craft of film , discover and cinematography. Film lessons of this magnitude have never been presented previously at international festivals, like the Venice Film Festival or during the Berlinale , it was not until the idea of Gilles Jacob to be able to participate.
In 2003 , The Music Lesson is created on the model of film lessons. It is here that a great composer of film music will share his musical career with the public. Successive Nicola Piovani , Howard Shore and Alexandre Desplat for example.
Then in 2004 , it was the turn of the lesson as an actor to be innovated. We have already found Catherine Deneuve , Max Von Sydow and Gena Rowlands .
The public, who rarely have access to official projections, may then have direct contact with the celebrities become “teachers.” This is the tone of intimate confession a single exchange in the world was created by Gilles Jacob . It is a concrete sharing where each professional is engaged to questions from curious, recounting his experiences.
Cannes Protocol
A starlet at Cannes
For a dozen days, the city of Cannes is entirely out of whack with the Festival. The Croisette is invaded by more than 4,500 journalists . During the first two weeks of May 74 , crowds flock film. Thus, a protocol has been established in this Festival. Some evoke the Cannes Festival of yesteryear with nostalgia 75 . Moreover, Marina Vlady admit the documentary Cannes, 60 years of history before the coming starlets to Cannes for a visit of love and friendship, that celebrities could speak to passersby on the street. Whereas now, she blames the armored cars, bodyguards … The actress says that the Cannes Film Festival has just lost a social relationship 76 .
Each evening during the Festival, is a film of the competition. The press is invited to watch the screening of this movie, or even at morning sessions open to those with a formal invitation, and the media. Indeed, official projections of the evening are attended by the film crew watched, after the famous red carpet. Guests are also present, as celebrities, community leaders, and representatives of major organizations whose influence is important. We see still some festival lovers, with no invitation, waiting at the steps they are given one, but these privileged few.
In addition, there priority entrance to the projections for the release. Accreditations thousands of journalists, photographers and editors present are divided into five levels that determine the strict order of entry into the room 75 . The assignment of levels of certification is decided by the press service, which contrasts depending on the size of print, the extent of coverage by the title, frequency of publication and number of certifications requested 77 .
Accreditations considered “less important” as the “Cannes Film enthusiasts,” they have more difficulties to attend screenings, it varies depending on the number of people wanting to attend. During the 2009, regulation has suddenly changed and the “Cannes Cinephiles,” even ticketed for projection, no longer had the means to enter the Grand Palace. No explanation was given to the sudden denial of entry but it just seems that the high places of the Cannes Film Festival do not consider the “Cannes Film enthusiasts” as important enough to enter. Number of festival-goers see this as a blow to the culture, since the festival misses a shot thousands of movie lovers 78 .
A neatly dressed is required on the red carpet 75 . Men are traditionally held in tuxedos and women in an evening gown, often signed by world famous designers 79 , which did not prevent Pablo Picasso climb the stairs with a sheepskin jacket at the 1953 Festival 80 .
But since the early 2000s , the festival tends to be more open to the public, leaders have created evening projections of various feature films out of competition free, where anyone can enter.
Music
Throughout the festival, we hear the same piece of music before the release of each film in the auditorium of the Palais des Festivals: it is’ Aquarium , one of the following musical Carnival of the Animals of Camille Saint-Saens . The festival organization has tried to change it, but had to backtrack as this extract is now a “brand hearing” festival 81 . In recent years, with each award at the closing ceremony is meant an excerpt from a film music such as 63 ° during the festival (2010), for the delivery of the “Grand Prix” music means I Rise, You Fall of Steve Jablonsky is a music film Transformers 2: Revenge .
The soundtrack to the film The Land and the Valley of Wonders ( The Land Before Time ) by Don Bluth , composed by James Horner , is also used recursively for the generic ceremonies of the festival 82 .
Cannes is the wall
Annual event since 2004 , “Cannes is the wall” is an exhibition of various sizes photographs nature of filmmakers , exposed between the houses, or on monuments. These photos are printed on hanging banners , large tarps perforated so as not to sway with the pressure of the wind . Attached to the project is Denis Oak, photographer professional that deals with the choice of images, and places where they will hang. They can be found on Ranguin space, the building at the Alexandra Bocca, the school Jules Ferry, the town hall , or Hotel Renoir.
To do this, Corbis-Outline places his works in the public domain and free tarps provided Multiplast 83 . Despite this voluntary, it is 40 000 € spent for mounting and dismounting of the paintings.
This event is organized in collaboration between the mayor of Cannes and the Cannes Film Festival.
Away from photographers and tourists, the studio is mountable in fact a photo booth, and only, shot the filmmaker is totally free to make his photographs, as he sees fit. Unveiled at Cannes , seven artists are exhibited during the Cannes Film Festival in the city.
Among the celebrities exposed, we find Samuel L. Jackson , Elijah Wood , Rossy de Palma , Kevin Bacon or Maïwenn .
The scope and influence of the Festival
The Film Market
Established in 1959 , the Film Market is one facet business of International Film Festival of Cannes 84 . It is one of the appointments of the largest in the world regarding the meetings, negotiations and transactions industry film 84 . It is also used to introduce projects to distributors. Each year it provides an overview of the production current international projecting more than four thousand movies , the auteur cinema to blockbusters 84 . The market has become very important, he had ten thousand participants ninety-one countries 2000 84 .
It lasts twelve days during the Cannes Film Festival. For producers , this market is very significant, since wearing his badge back in order to participate in all official projections 84 .
It stands parallel projects by being the first and only company to offer thirty theaters equipped with hardware digital .
In 2004 , the market creates the Producers Network , subdivision of the latter, to be a success in its first edition 85 . This section is reserved for producers of at least one film released in theaters over the previous three years. The Producers Network helps international co-production, through dialogues between professionals. To do this, producers each have twenty minutes to present their project to other major producers. Each year it hosts five hundred producers strangers 86 .
To facilitate this exchange of twenty minutes, and production, the Producers Network was launched in 2004 a room in which are arranged round tables, where every morning during the Festival, producers will lunch and discuss their projects 86 . The Producers Network takes place in the heart of the International Village.
He also created in 2007 on Speed dating , theme night, in collaboration with the Development Corporation of Quebec’s cultural undertakings (SODEC) and the National Centre for Cinematography (CNC) .
Sponsors and the media
Penélope Cruz , winner of Best Actress in 2006 and criticized for its sponsorship of the firm L’Oreal
If the Cannes Film Festival is the second most publicized event in the world, it is thanks to the three hundred channels available on site, such as Canal + , which has spent six and half million euros for the 2007 edition , for example 87 , and multiple sponsors. Particularly notable is Kerry Washington , Gong Li and Andie MacDowell at the red carpet in 2007 , representing L’Oreal , industrial group French specializes in cosmetic and beauty. Besides, Penelope Cruz who won the Best Actress Award for Volver was criticized for sponsoring this industrial group with 88 . Collaboration between the Festival and L’Oreal celebrated its tenth anniversary in 2007 .
Many newspapers print media are also present on the Croisette , as Paris Match , or Le Monde . There are also magazines cinema with First or Cine Live .
Transport in Cannes celebrities is very popular. Renault , Official Airline of celebrities to the Palais des Festivals and Congresses , and Vel Satis, which, in 2007 , celebrated their twenty five years of working 89 , but also Audi , which has already signed a contract with Jean-Roch , Director of the VIP Room , for three years 89 .
Also, the masters of ceremony are they dressed by the “big fashion” which benefit the public to be seen: Diane Kruger , Master of Ceremonies for the 2007 edition , carried a blue satin dress draped night chanel , haute couture firm. This dress was specially created for her by Karl Lagerfeld . Here is another way to get noticed by the masses 90 .
Moviegoers also criticize the commanding presence of the media. They will notice that the awards are also affected by the sponsors: the Palme d’Or which was overhauled by the jeweler Swiss Chopard , he was also awarded as a film producer . Mercedes-Benz takes care of the Award of the International Critics’ Week , and the Fondation Gan sponsors the award of the section Un Certain Regard .
The Festival seeks to be sponsored, the media broadcast the event worldwide, and sponsors to advertise. This attracts the crowds. But this phenomenon worldwide event also works in reverse: the commercials are struggling to become an official partner of the Festival and thus be visible to all. Here’s what the group Maxell : “This sponsorship is an excellent opportunity for Maxell, the Cannes Film Festival is a global event, broadcast worldwide, and enjoys an important recognition” 91 .
Here are some figures in the media presence in 2007, 92 :
4500 journalists
1000 newspapers of print
300 channels of television
200 branches of media
150 radios
300 photographers
The influence of the Festival
The Cannes Film Festival has become over the years one of the most important ceremonies in the world of cinema. The same festival that has been recognized for public utility and as the first major international cultural event of the post-war in 1972 by the Ministry of Culture 93 . In the book European Cinema: An Introduction ( ISBN 978-0-333-75210-4 ) , Jill Forbes and Sarah Street argue that “Cannes has become extremely important to the interests of criticism and Trade, the filmmakers can be more promote their films, … ” 94 .
The Festival has gained a reputation that is based on balancing the artistic quality of movies and their impact business . Many celebrities of world cinema wish to come to the famous red carpet, and thus create a brand image among the many media present for the event. The press sometimes attacks the Festival, but he keeps his image, more influence is increasing year by year 95 , with an increasing number of visitors from abroad 96 .
The Festival also has a local impact: during the two week Festival, Cannes sees its population triple, 70 000-210 000 97 , the turnover from shops, hotels, restaurants Cannes increases dramatically. In the hours before the opening of the Festival, the airport and train station in Cannes are upset. The city is fully renovated for the International Film Festival makes Cannes radiant 98 .
Those most rewarded
Cannes wants the celebration of the biggest international filmmakers. Of all the filmmakers in competition at Cannes , many of them were favored for their art, their style or genre. Their film has earned them several times to be rewarded. Moreover, on the official poster of the 2007 Cannes Festival , memory of 60 years the Festival has been put together nine celebrity darlings of the festival. We find Souleymane Cissé , Penelope Cruz , Wong Kar-Wai , Juliette Binoche , Jane Campion , Gerard Depardieu , Bruce Willis , Samuel L. Jackson , and Pedro Almodóvar 99 .
Some directors have won two Palmes d’Or : Francis Ford Coppola (with Conversation and Apocalypse Now – shared with another film in the second case), Bille August (with Pelle the Conqueror and The Best Intentions – along with the Best Actress Award Women for Pernilla August in the second case); Shohei Imamura (with The Ballad of Narayama and The Eel – shared with another film in the second case) Emir Kusturica with ( Father Was Away on Business and Underground ) Luke Jean-Pierre Dardenne and with ( Rosetta and L’Enfant ). The Swedish filmmaker Alf Sjöberg had also received the ultimate accolade of the festival twice but it was not yet the Palme d’Or . Note that in addition to his two palms, Emir Kusturica won the Cannes Prix de la mise en scene (Best Director) for Time of the Gypsies and the National Educator Award for Life is a miracle . The Belgian brothers Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne have meanwhile received in addition a Grand Prix for cycling at Le Gamin , a Best Screenplay for Lorna’s Silence and actors Emilie Dequenne and Olivier Gourmet were awarded a prize of interpretation of each, respectively for Rosetta and The Son .
Many other cinéates were rewarded several times: the Coen brothers , winners of a Gold Award (for Barton Fink ), won the Best Director Award three times: for Barton Fink in 1991 , Fargo in 1996 and The Barber in 2001 . One of their favorite actors, John Turturro , has also received the Best Actor for Barton Fink in 1991 , and Irma P. Hall , leading actress of The Ladykillers , the Jury Prize in 2004 . Wim Wenders , also winner of a Palme in 1984 for Paris, Texas , took home the Best Director Award for Wings of Desire and three years later that ‘with the Grand Prix in 1993 for Faraway, So Close! . Michelangelo Antonioni has also received several times the favors of the jury with the Palme d’Or for Blow-Up , the Special Jury Prize for The avventura and The Eclipse then the price of the 35 th anniversary for Identification of a Woman .
Lars von Trier , won several awards at the Festival
Moreover, before being webbed, some directors have gone through several intermediate rewards as Lars von Trier , first holder of two Commission Prize higher technical (for Element of Crime and Europa ), a Jury Prize ( for Europa ) and a Grand Prix (for Breaking the Waves ) before triumphing with Dancer in the Dark and allow three of its actresses to win the Best Actress ( Björk in 2000 , Charlotte Gainsbourg in 2009 and Kirsten Dunst in 2011 ). Ken Loach was twice winner of the Jury Prize for Riff-Raff and Raining Stones and offered Peter Mullan opportunity to receive the Award for Best Actor for My Name Is Joe before the consecration of wind picks up in 2006 . Theo Angelopoulos won the Best Screenplay Award and the FIPRESCI International Critics for Voyage to Cythera and The Gaze of Odysseus and the Grand Prize (for The Look of Ulysses ) before the Palme awarded to L Eternity and A Day . Costa Gavras has, meanwhile, won the Jury Prize for Z (who also won the Best Actress Award to Jean-Louis Trintignant ) and the Prix de la mise en scene for Special Section before win the Palme d’Or in 1982 with Missing, missing that allows more Jack Lemmon being voted ” Best Actor “. Michael Haneke has, meanwhile, was crowned with a Grand Prize for The Piano (also winner of a double acting award for Isabelle Huppert and Benoit Magimel ) and a price of staging for Caché before the coronation of the White Ribbon in 2009 .
In addition, several filmmakers are regulars of the charts even if they have never won the Palme d’Or as Robert Bresson or Tarkovsky who obtained three times the Grand Prix , namely for Solaris , Nostalgia and The Sacrifice . Bruno Dumont , himself, has twice won the Grand Jury Prize: for Humanity (which has also enabled Severine Caneele and Emmanuel Schotté , non-professional actors, to win the Best Actor Award) and Flanders . He also received a special Golden Camera for the Life of Jesus , his first feature film. There is also the repeated presence in the charts of French René Clément , Japanese Masaki Kobayashi or more recently the Turkish director Nuri Bilge Ceylan .
Few players have won two Best Actor : Marcello Mastroianni (for his role in the drama of jealousy and Dark Eyes ), Dean Stockwell (for her role in The Genius of evil and Long Journey Into Night to each Once shared with two other actors); Jack Lemmon (for his role in Missing and The China Syndrome ).
Four actresses have also received two Best Actress : Isabelle Huppert (for her role in Violette Noziere and The Pianist – shared with another actress in the first case) Helen Mirren (for his role in Cal and The Madness of King George ) Barbara Hershey (for his role in the Bayou and a world apart – shared with two other actresses in the second case) Vanessa Redgrave (for his role in Morgan and Isadora ). In 1981, Isabelle Adjani received a double acting award for two films in competition: Possession and Quartet , an unprecedented case that was never reproduced. Note that Isabelle Huppert holds the record for films in official selection for an actress (17 total) 100 .
Some filmmakers have often seen their films selected by the Cannes Film Festival. Include Federico Fellini and Carlos Saura (with 11 films selected) Ingmar Bergman and Andre Techine (with 10 films selected) Wim Wenders , Luis Buñuel , Michael Cacoyannis , Ettore Scola and Andrzej Wajda (with 9 selected films) and finally Claude Lelouch (with seven selected films).
Around the Festival
The Festival and Cannes
Bay of Cannes
Evoke Cannes the world is to speak of the Cannes International Film Festival 101 . “Cannes” evokes the world of film celebrities and red carpet, representing just the ceremony. It is surprising that the Cannes does not complain about the reduction of their city a few meters of red carpet 101 .
The Venice Film Festival or Berlinale engage the audience for other elements that the films in competition. Besides evoking the names of these cities is not to talk about their international ceremonies. Songs exist on these cities, unlike Cannes , who only knows the Cannes fly to Léo Ferré , also somewhat pejorative Thus some say that the Festival enjoys its popularity without being popular 102 . They will use the fact that the public has no access to official selections as opposed to professionals.
The celebrations of the Festival
The ” Martinez ”
At its inception, the festival was mostly a social event and the films were actually a pretext to meet. What really mattered was the receptions and parties in the villas of the Riviera . These festivals organized mostly by the Begum, the wife of the Aga Khan, in his villa Yakimour made the reputation of Cannes 103 .
Today, the Festival is considered a place of unique promotion for international films and actors . Apart from the usual press conferences, the tradition has emerged to give a party for big productions. These festivals have a theme that is related to films, and their organization gives rise to an escalation of means to make an impression. It is also difficult to enter that in the projections of the official competition.
Moreover, every night in clubs at VIP Room , on the beach of Palm Beach , celebrities mingle with the audience to dance all night. Many celebrities present themselves, with the decks of Discs Jockey International. This is an opportunity for many to show 104 .
The evenings organized since the early 2000s in the largest franchises ephemeral nightclubs the world nevertheless provided a major boost brake to the spirit of festivals held in villas on the hills of Cannes 105 . For reasons economic , but also for convenience, more and more companies are using these great clubs (or are approached by them several months in advance) in order to organize their annual party at the expense of evenings in villa 106 . The general view (festivalgoers and journalists), parties in these clubs are very conventional nearly as exceptional as those in the villa, and are mainly used to promote brands that have no relation to the film 107
The CCAS on the esplanade Pantiero
Since 1995 , the Central Fund of social activities of electricians and gas settles on the Esplanade Pantiero located in Cannes during the Cannes Film Festival. An area of 3,000 m², the area offers nearly 300 people and tourists to Cannes. Admission is free 75 . The film screened from countries not presented during the ceremony 108 . In 1998 , film Algerian had been presented.
Then in 1999 , the African film that was presented and the film noir American . It is shown the film of Jacques Kébadian on Undocumented , that of Paul Vecchiali on Victor Schoelcher and abolition of slavery .
The purpose of this project was the basis of reappropriating that, initially, their belonged to 108 , the CGT and the labor movement who played a leading role in the creation of the Festival in 1946 .
During this visit, the Soleil d’Or is awarded by the organizers of the CCAS to a film of the Fortnight .
Criticism of the festival
The Cannes Film Festival has often been attacked by the press 109 .
Some great directors have never won the Palme d’Or , despite the talent they have and demonstrate the major place they occupy in the history of the 7 th art. Include the case of Ingmar Bergman , who has never won Palme, probably because his films have often been selected out of competition 110 . But the jury of the Cannes Film Festival in 1992 was awarded the Palme d’Or for Best Intentions by Danish Bille August that the director chose to tell the story of his parents and for whom he wrote the screenplay. The Swedish filmmaker has also offered the Palme palms on the fiftieth anniversary of the Festival in 1997 . Woody Allen , who rejects the competition between the artists himself has always denied the respect of the Cannes competition 111 . But he too came several times to present his films out of competition and also accepted an honorary Palme in 2002 112 .
One can also mention in the list of non-webbed, Alfred Hitchcock , Stanley Kubrick , Andrei Tarkovsky , Michael Powell , Clint Eastwood , Steven Spielberg , Satyajit Ray , Sergio Leone , John Cassavetes , Douglas Sirk , Manoel de Oliveira , Claude Sautet , Bertrand Tavernier , André Téchiné , François Truffaut 113 , Alain Resnais 57 or Pedro Almodóvar who, despite several selections and status of a favorite, is left with prices subsidiary ( staging , script …). It is also nicknamed “Poulidor La Croisette” by the press 114 . Jean-Luc Godard has never not been entitled to this honor, probably because his films were selected late in the competition, namely only From the year 1980 with Sauve qui peut (life) and later with Detective and New Wave 24 . Indeed if one sets aside the year 1959 , we note that the festival has remained relatively remote to the phenomenon ” New Wave “because the film directors such that Eric Rohmer , Jacques Rivette or Chabrol were relatively few selected 24 .
It was not until 1993 that a woman gets the Palme d’Or , in the person of Jane Campion with The Piano , a Palme she must also share with Chen Kaige for Farewell My Concubine .
The Festival is also criticized for his generosity vis-à-vis the Western film industry: since its inception, 377 American films, 351 French and 185 Italian were presented in the official selection at the expense of works from Asia, the Middle East and Africa 115 . Moreover, the Palme d’Or awarded 67, 49 have returned to feature films in North America or Europe (ie over 73% 115 ). Note that the American cinema size the lion’s share in the rankings with 16 Palmes d’Or won since 1955 (over 23%) against 9 for Italy (over 13%) and 8 for France (slightly over 12%) 115 .
The record gets worse for the jury, chaired by prominent exclusively Western. It was not until 2006 that a director for Asia, namely the Chinese director Wong Kar-wai , accesses this honor 116 . Similarly, few women have held this position. Editions of 64, only nine of them have been so lucky: Olivia de Havilland , Sophia Loren , Michele Morgan , Ingrid Bergman , Jeanne Moreau , Francoise Sagan , Isabelle Adjani , Liv Ullmann and Isabelle Huppert 117 . Catherine Deneuve , who don ‘ has never accepted the presidency of the jury 118 , was vice-president in 1994 .
Some also note that genre films are poorly represented in Cannes: little or no horror movies, kung fu, etc.. were selected in official competition 119 . Recently, the genre film has entered the circle of official projections. One newspaper even wrote: “Where is the Cannes Film Festival? ” 109 on this new style. The organizers will answer that “it goes where goes the Cinema” . With the emergence of animation , or documentary , the Cannes Film Festival had to be updated. in 2009 seems to have marked a revival since the selection was heavily loaded with genre films revisited.
Cannes gives foremost authors with artistic credibility. Overseas, Cannes is idealized 109 . Apichatpong Weerasethakul , director of Thailand , was known by, in part, at Cannes, he says elsewhere: “selection gave a breath of fresh air to all domestic production for two years ” to Thierry Fremaux. Thus, many developers still unknown have benefited from an international audience through Cannes and enjoy recognition for their work. The festival serves as a springboard and has launched several careers, including that of Quentin Tarantino with the selection in 1992 of his first feature film Reservoir Dogs then in special session with the Palme d’Or awarded to Pulp Fiction two years later. Very grateful, the director also said: “Cannes has saved me ten years. ” 120 .
The press is a central pillar of the Cannes Film Festival and it expects to see the masterpieces that stir the world. If the disappointing Cannes, she attacks .
Criticism of a festival shopping
Clint Eastwood in May 2005
Since the 2000s , some criticize the Cannes Film Festival against a mix of genres-productive, ie to put on a plane the glitz and auteur cinema and others bemoan the fact that it invites international personalities whose fame is acquired and who have basically not need lights in the official selection 121 . The press will give him even the name “Festival obsolete,” and compare it to the big brands , whose necessity is not obvious, but whose commercial interest is valued 121 . Some will give it the rank of ad 122 to blockbusters , such as with the end of the saga Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith . Or 2006 , with the Da Vinci Code , which after its Cannes screening was released in 20,000 rooms. At the box office , it has then generated 24 million dollars in one weekend. Second best financial start of the film history 123 . Yet, at the opening of the Festival, this film received a warm welcome less of 2000 journalists, with laughter icy or poignant criticism, unlike the public.
Interest in super-productions of journalists is also disappointed by the number of admissions to films that received the Gold Award : for twenty years, only five winners of the prize have exceeded one million admissions in France .
According to some journalists, to be selected in the Cannes competition means a release in French cinemas. As regards the other sections, the films will benefit from sales made abroad. Indeed, the presence of more than 4,000 distributors offer a great perspective for producers.
Cannes in recent years has become a festival for the great authors . In competition, there are many celebrities from the film world, who have already competed in the official selection. David Lynch , Clint Eastwood and David Cronenberg are regulars at the festival (but be noticed, in 2007 , only thirteen out of twenty-movies Both are directors never come to Cannes ) 124 . In 2009 , the actress Sandrine Bonnaire also expressed disappointment at what it sees as a “lack of courage” on the part of breeders, adding: “Lars Von Trier, Quentin Tarantino, Pedro Almodovar …: we see always the same. ” 125
He is accused and to invite only the stars confirmed. But when amateurs are rewarded, the audience whistles the 126 . Indeed, in 1999 , the Best Actor returns to Emmanuel Schotte , that of the actress to Severine Caneele and Emilie Dequenne . During their acceptance speech, the two young women are whistled by the public. Some confide to reporters: “We want the glitz and glamor. ”
The newspaper Le Monde Diplomatique 127 wrote that the filmmakers make films that not be selected for the Festival and the official selection and use as a justification for their work in their country, despite the lack of commercial success they encounter.
Part of the press also regret a near absence of risk-taking among breeders and under-representation of cinemas South 128 forgetfulness with systematic films from Africa or India 121 . Indeed, for some, though few films in the developing countries are selected is that they benefit from international credits and impose a single play or schematic problems, culture or way of thinking their country, made only to reach the Western audience 121 . Cannes, in the sense that, under the guise of defending an original cinematic form and forward thinking, would become the new temple academicisms 121 .
Festival organizers will also be burdened with having forgotten that cinema was a popular art rather than an industry 129 .
Famous scandals and controversies
The Cannes Film Festival has often been driven by scandals and controversies, involving either journalists, celebrities or politicians. Other international festivals like Venice Film Festival or Berlinale seem less exposed to this phenomenon, perhaps in part because they are less publicized. While some film professionals ostensibly trying to avoid photographers, it is not inconceivable that others seek to make event, if not scandal, to take advantage of the large concentration of media during the Cannes Film Festival.
Because the public
The public has sometimes demonstrated against the film industry during the awards ceremony. In 1960 , the feature film The avventura , first as part of a trilogy consisting of The Eclipse and The Night of Michelangelo Antonioni received a very cold reception in Cannes. This film was booed by the audience when it was screened for the absence of clarification on the disappearance of Anna had been misunderstood. Moreover, the public threw tomatoes at the director and actress at the presentation of the Jury Prize 130 . Reaction more isolated but no less radical took place during the Festival of 1987 . That year, the film Yeelen of Souleymane Cissé was the African cinema at Cannes – for the first time since 1946 – and won the Jury Prize . During the award ceremony, a man grabbed the microphone and shouted: “So dirty negro, what effect it makes you to have a price? ” . The director snatched the microphone and threw in his face. Maurice Pialat , who had been encouraged by Souleymane Cisse when the audience booed her film, intervened. This was the first time that two directors present at Cannes united against a member of the public 131 .
sessions discounts Palmes d’Or were not spared by the hostile reaction of the public, especially during the 1987 edition , when Maurice Pialat was rewarded for Under Satan’s Sun , or in 1994 when the award to Quentin Tarantino for his Pulp Fiction . The two filmmakers reacted sharply: Pialat said publicly , “If you do not love me, know that I do not like you either! ” and raised his fist to the sky; Tarantino replied with a middle finger 132 .
About the jury
Francis Ford Coppola at Cannes Film Festival in 2001 which won in 1979 the Palme d’Or with Volker Schlöndorff
The jury’s decisions have repeatedly been controversial, and were so well received by the press and the public. The jury presidents, in particular, were involved in numerous controversies, including their alleged nepotism, their views considered hazardous or their supposed bias override the simple artistic judgment 133 , 134 .
The writer Francoise Sagan was the actress of one of the biggest scandals that have tarnished the event. Seven months after chairing the 1979 edition , she denounced the operation of the institution in Le Matin de Paris . According to Sagan, the Festival management had attempted to influence the jury (who leaned rather to the drum of Volker Schlöndorff ) in favor of Apocalypse Now by Francis Ford Coppola 135 . Normally, the jury must keep the secret to life on the deliberations leading to the selection of winners. Sagan does not promise kept. Finally, both films shared the Palme d’Or tie . This revelation provoked a revolt in magazines that heavily criticized the Festival. He responded to these provocations by making public the exorbitant expense left by Sagan 135 .
It was not uncommon for the organization to demonstrate interference in the selection of jurors. The latter enjoyed a complete sovereignty in the year 1980 , which was the subject of much discord. For example, when Roberto Rossellini chaired the 30 th Festival , the preference of the festival president Robert Favre Le Bret for the Palme went to a special day of Ettore Scola 136 . To avoid any prescription, the jury had to use tricks to avoid disclosing his opinion and sought to meet without ever prevent the organizers. The final decision was made in haste 137 . The Palme d’Or returned to Padre padrone for the Taviani brothers and Scola returned empty-handed film that sparked the wrath of Favre Le Bret who boycotted the closing ceremony and threatened to remove the competition or at least not to appoint the jury “amateurs” 138 .
It happened also that controversies are rooted in disagreements, conflicts or coups of splinters on the jury. At the 1987 Cannes Film Festival , the feature film Dark Eyes of Nikita Mikhalkov was heavily favored. But the Soviet director Elem Klimov was quoted as saying: “If that bastard, the bastard of Mikhalkov is rewarded, I am withdrawing from the jury and make known my decision with splinters” 135 . His comrades would have yielded to this demand urgent and awarded the Palme d’Or at Maurice Pialat for Under Satan’s Sun , booed at the closing ceremony, with the assistance went to the favors Mikhalkov film and Wings desire of Wim Wenders 135 . Nevertheless, Yves Montand , who chaired the edition, proudly justified this choice by stating that Palme had been awarded unanimously: “We considered that the work has tried to Pialat and he succeeded, put film on another level, on another floor. Can necessarily be sensitive films a little more affordable, a little easier but fortunately there are Pialat, Godard and Resnais and to bring the film to another level. I am delighted that we have voted unanimously. ” 139
With the publication of his memoirs Life will pass like a dream (Robert Laffont, 2009), the current festival president Gilles Jacob and breaks the silence behind the scenes of the event 140 . He did not hesitate then to reveal the secret deliberations, updating the authoritarianism of certain jury presidents. Kirk Douglas , for example, imposed a tie in 1980 for the Palme d’Or and was able to see triumph That the show starts of Bob Fosse . He then feigned illness in order not to join his comrades who wanted to vote again for the price the only Akira Kurosawa with Kagemusha, the Shadow Warrior 141 . In 1991 , Roman Polanski did not like any movie and deprived jurors of his every word 142 until arrives Barton Fink in the Coen brothers . It was the only work he appreciated because it was an obvious homage to the film 143 , 133 . He did not hesitate to disrupt the vote and multiply sprains Regulation 144 : On the eve of deliberations, he voted the Palme d’Or to his colleagues after they have been drinking and refused any questioning of the price the next day 145 . Polanski then œuvra for two new trophies (those in the best director and best actor ) are awarded to the Coen Brothers in the absence of all awards of the charts as was his wish 146 . The case was never produced and Barton Fink became the most awarded movie of the festival’s history 147 . Gilles Jacob had to take steps to avoid a film can, in future, gaining too much price 148 . In 1997 , the presidency of Isabelle Adjani was also punctuated by incidents. The actress Regenta an iron hand the schedule of his colleagues, including forcing them to attend the morning sessions and to follow his diet 149 . Consequently, it sparked a revolt in the jury did not know and assert their choice for the coveted Palme it, without making mystery, The Sweet Hereafter from Atom Egoyan 69 . Following a proposal manoeuvrist the Italian filmmaker Nanni Moretti , she agreed that the ultimate prize is awarded ex aequo to two films, without first ensuring that his favorite film is one of them. The vote was clear: The Eel of Shohei Imamura and The Taste of Cherry of Abbas Kiarostami were webbed and The Sweet Hereafter was content with the Grand Prix 150 .
More recently, critics have cautiously welcomed the decision of the Presidents Quentin Tarantino (2004) and Huppert (2009), suspected of partiality and favoritism in the awarding of the Palme d’Or 151 , 152 . The first rewarded Michael Moore for Fahrenheit 9/11 (both were produced by filmmakers Bob and Harvey Weinstein and Moore violently denounced the policy of George W. Bush before the presidential elections of 2004) 153 . The second honored Michael Haneke for The White Ribbon , a filmmaker who counts among his friends and with whom she filmed two movies ( The Pianist had also earned second Best Actress Award at Cannes for his career) 154 .
And unexpected strokes of brilliance
Ceremonies and press conferences are broadcast live and are interspersed with incidents or face the unexpected size.
In 1999 , Sophie Marceau , while remitting the Palme d’Or , provoked boos and whistles from the public for his hesitations and verbal stumbling blocks during his speech on stage. Kristin Scott-Thomas , master of ceremonies, had to intervene. Cutting the floor to Sophie Marceau, she asked directly to David Cronenberg , president of the jury, to announce the two winners ( Jean-Pierre and Luc Dardenne for Rosetta ). The speech erratic Sophie Marceau could be transcribed as follows: “Instead of making war, we made films and I tell you that it makes people dream, and it gives them a … a goal, a project, uh … short term and something that stays forever, uh … ” 155 . The incident did not end the career of the actress (who directed seven films since then), and the Festival continued normally with a speech by the Dardenne brothers.
The celebrities themselves sometimes deliberately introduced him controversy during the ceremonies, despite pressure from the media, if not against it. In 2007 , for 60 years the Festival, thirty-five directors were involved in the episodic film To Each His Cinema . One of them, Roman Polanski , criticized the journalists at the press conference that gathered after the official screening, holding that the questions were not up to par. He spoke to the press, “a unique opportunity to have a meeting of major directors” , he said marred by “issues so poor” . Polish director then decided it was time to eat and left the room 156 , 157 .
Policy: censorship
The selection of films at the Festival, which initially involved the participation of States 158 was sometimes the subject of power relations and diplomatic policies that can, in extreme cases, lead to censorship of a film. The settlement stipulated that the Festival films should not offend the sensibilities of other countries in Cannes (Article 5 of Regulation 159 ). Thus in 1956 the France acceded to the request of Germany ( Jacques Mandelbaum shows that France anticipated this request 160 ), who wanted to withdraw the official selection of a documentary of Alain Resnais , Night and Fog , which dealt with the Holocaust , the concentration camps and extermination camps . This censorship sparked strong protests in France and the Rhine 160 , 161 .
This movement will not remain without effect, because for this Festival, no film was removed from a selection already available to the public for similar reasons . In 2007 , Farabi Cinema Foundation, under the Ministry of Culture of Iran , wrote a critical letter to the cultural attaché of the Embassy of France in Tehran , saying that the selection of the film Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi was “an act political or even anti-cultural ” which presented “an unreal picture of the consequences and achievements of the Islamic Revolution” 162 , 163 . The Cannes Film Festival has evolved considerably since 1956 , the censors had apparently disappeared though diplomatic pressures remain.
And other times, despite pressure from the state, actors, or directors, will present their films at Cannes. Are particularly striking Jiang Wen , who, for the Devils on the Doorstep ( Guizi the lai ) selected in competition and awarded the Grand Jury Prize in 2000 , was banned for five years of filming in China 164 . Despite the worldwide prestige and autonomy enjoyed by the entire Festival today, we see that the many political scandals erupt again because the selection of certain films.
In 2010 for example, Sandro Bondi Italian Minister of Culture decided to boycott the festival due to the screening out of competition film Draquila – Italy Trembles of Sabina Guzzanti dealing with how the Berlusconi government has handled the aftermath the 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila 165 , 166 . That same year, is organized on the initiative of MP Lionnel Luca , a demonstration to protest against the presentation in competition film Outside the Law of Rachid Bouchareb , accused of revisionism, falsification of history and French-Algerian malicious damage to the image of the French during the Setif massacre in one thousand nine hundred forty-five one hundred sixty-seven , 168 . A few days later, it is the presentation of the film Burnt by the Sun 2 which is accompanied by a controversy involving its director Nikita Mikhalkov , accused by Russian filmmakers 97 petitioners, despotism, diversion of public aid and too proximity to Prime Minister Vladimir Putin in his handling of the Russian Union of Filmmakers 169 .
The Church and selection
It is rare that the Church interferes in the world of cinema and the Cannes Film Festival. It is, however, came to condemn certain films. In 1960 , the Osservatore Romano newspaper of the Vatican , published in September virulent articles against the movie Italian La dolce vita of Federico Fellini who had just won the Palme d’Or 170 . Catholics were threatened with excommunication if they saw the film 170 , and it was not until 1994 , just months after the death of director Federico Fellini , that the Church lifted his ban. However, the Jesuits defended the film 171 . The Ministry of Culture censor portions of the film 170 .
In 1961 , the film Viridiana of Luis Buñuel was banned in his country, Spain , then under dictatorship, Franco 172 and strongly condemned by the Catholic Church who considered blasphemous 173 . This did not prevent the festival jury awarded him the Golden Palm .
Disputes between Cannes and the Catholic Church continues to this day, for example in 2006 , the Da Vinci Code by Ron Howard . This feature opened the 2006 Cannes Film Festival , although he was criticized in the religious world.
associations Catholics led several campaigns against the film in such deteriorating billboards, even if the Vatican condemned any boycott action against this long and film: he said that “there were more important to do in the world, that the facts of the film were false, and that there was therefore nothing to defend itself” 174 .
Controversies
Alfred Hitchcock , who had no chance at the screening of his film Notorious
The Cannes Film Festival has often had unexpected controversy. Starlets who are photographed, a part of the chest that comes out of the dress, they are often unexpected movement that created the red carpet. In 1946 , the first real edition of the Festival, the organizers were offering free screenings to the public and professionals. But traders did not hear him in the same ear, and will strike during the entire festival: they thought it would hurt their economic activities 175 . That same year, during the first showing, the film of Alfred Hitchcock’s Notorious , technicians mixed the reels of film and the projection was a real catastrophe 176 . There was no new session and the film went back empty-handed. Note also the 1955 edition : Gunther Sachs , the husband of Brigitte Bardot , who had haggled the arrival of his wife in exchange for the screening of the documentary Batouk he produced.
Another major controversy in 1975 with the explosion of the Palace Festival and Congress . This attack was provoked by the Committee of popular struggle against the perversion of the people, fortunately for the direction of the Festival, no one was hurt, and the ceremony could go 177 .
Photographers and female celebrities
The Croisette during the Festival
Photographers have sometimes resulted in alternative media coverage of the Festival because of some female celebrities, including for reasons more or less erotic.
At the 1954 Cannes Film Festival , while the festival was still in its 8 th edition, Simone Silva posed to the water’s edge with Robert Mitchum for photographers. As the sun warmed, photographers asked a sexy poses to the actress who eventually remove her bra , then the actor pressing her breasts against him 178 . The photograph went around the world, causing a huge scandal around the Festival and actress. Simone Silva was forced to leave the festival.
In 1983 , when she refused to attend the press conference of the film Summer murderer , Isabelle Adjani caused the first and unique photographers’ strike: they put down their cameras at the steps to protest against the attitude of the star 179 .
Another event went around the world in 2005 : when she ascended the steps, a slip dress Sophie Marceau was cut and her breast was accidentally exposed. Unwittingly, she became one of the events of the 2005 Cannes Film Festival . In 2008 , the porn actress Yasmine caused a scandal for its voluntary lifting her dress on the steps while she had no underwear below 180 .
Critics and journalists
The Cannes Film Festival has often been criticized 181 . But it is not the only one being hit, few films have also had to endure the comments of some magazines.
At the 1973 Cannes Film Festival , some of these criticisms, accompanied by the public, to unleash against the feature film The Grande Bouffe of Marco Ferreri : “Unclean and scatological ‘for TV 7 days , “film chamber pot” for Minute , “hell and filth, and the nightmare of complacency, boredom and latrines” for John Cau in Paris Match . But the film crew will not take them into account and retaliate: Philippe Noiret will say, “we tend to mirror people and they did not like to see it. This reveals a great bullshit ” 182 . We will also see the director, Marco Ferreri, down from a balcony, blow kisses to the people who boo with his fly open 183 .
That same year, The Mother and the Whore of Jean Eustache also causes a great deal of controversy because its dialogues raw and receipt by the director of the Special Jury Prize at the closing ceremony will be accompanied by whistles 182 .
In 1985 , this is not the critic who will rage, but the journalist Noel Godin who had then decided to entarter Jean-Luc Godard came to present his film Detective .
A few moments
Despite numerous scandals that have been around the world, the Cannes Film Festival is also known for its moving moments, even unforgettable.
In 1955 , the Prince Rainier of Monaco came to see To Catch a Thief of Alfred Hitchcock in official screening. That’s when he meets the young Grace Kelly 184 . They married later in 1956 , and have three children. Similarly, in 1980 , it was Kirk Douglas who met his future wife Anne Buydens, with whom he has two children elsewhere.
Shortly after the death of François Truffaut , during the Cannes Film Festival 1985 , his actors major meet on stage for a final tribute and a family photo. A few years later, in 1989 , children and grandchildren of Charlie Chaplin and take the stage and celebrate the centenary of his birth. We also note the provision of Vanessa Paradis with Whirlwind of Life , the movie song when Jules and Jim . The singer and actress had made the gesture in honor of Jeanne Moreau , president of the jury of this edition 185 . In the same vein, there are five main actors of the film Glory : Samy Naceri , Jamel Debbouze , Roschdy Zem , Sami Bouajila and Bernard Blancan who will sing the Song of the skirmishers at the presentation of the Award for Best Actor .
Another beautiful moment of Cannes Film Festival: the awarding of the Palme d’Or , with tears, and a refined speech of the winner. In 1998 , Roberto Benigni is an official selection with his feature film Life is Beautiful . During the awards ceremony, he did not expect to receive an award. But the hands of the presiding officer, Martin Scorsese , he is awarded the Grand Prix . Astonished, he leap with its head on hearing his name and number will be any excess in receiving the award: he kiss the feet of President 186 .
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The 65th annual Cannes Film Festival kicks off with a glamourous red carpet ahead of the opening ceremony